Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi)

The Effect of Social Comparison on Social Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem among Generation Z

Fadliah Tri Kusnanda — 2026-08-28

Generation Z is highly exposed to social media, which may intensify social comparison and social anxiety. This study examined whether self-esteem moderates the effect of social comparison on social anxiety among Generation Z social media users in Greater Bandung. A quantitative survey was conducted with 398 respondents (74.6% women, n = 297; 25.4% men, n = 101; M_age = 21.07 years, SD = 2.26) using Moderated Regression Analysis. Social anxiety was measured using the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (21 items; α = .93), social comparison using the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (10 items; α = .79), and self-esteem using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (8 items; α = .89). Self-esteem did not moderate the effect of social comparison on social anxiety (B = 0,009, p = .705). Social comparison positively predicted social anxiety (B = 0.925, β = .401, p < .001), whereas self-esteem negatively predicted social anxiety (B = -1.306, β = -.358, p < .001). Several demographic variables were also associated with differences in social anxiety. These These findings indicate that self-esteem was associated with social anxiety in a separate regression analysis but did not moderate the association between social comparison and social anxiety.

Languishing, Moderate, or Flourishing? A Snapshot of Mental Health Among Older Adults Based on the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form

Zamralita Zamralita — 2026-08-29

Indonesia's older population continues to grow, yet a longer lifespan does not guarantee good mental health. This study aimed to map the mental health profile of older adults aged 60 years and above using the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF), which classifies mental health as flourishing, moderate, or languishing. A quantitative descriptive design was applied. Through purposive sampling, 215 older adults aged 60–87 years (M=67.42; SD = 6.18) were assessed with the Indonesian version of the MHC-SF (α = .89; ω=0.87). Most participants (54.4%; n = 117) were categorized as moderate, followed by flourishing (38.1%; n = 82) and languishing (7.4%; n = 16). Of the three dimensions, emotional well-being scored the highest (M = 3.75), followed by psychological well-being (M = 3.67) and social well-being (M = 3.23). Independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in mental health by sex, age group, or education. These findings indicate that most older adults remain in a middle zone that can be cultivated toward flourishing, pointing to the need for interventions targeting social well-being.

Initial Development and Validation of the Student Engagement Scale

Chandra Yudistira Purnama — 2026-08-29

Student engagement is crucial for academic success, yet its measurement in Indonesia often overlooks proactive or agentic engagement. This study aims to validate the Student Engagement Scale (SES) using a four-dimensional framework (behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and agentic) within the context of university students. Employing a quantitative approach, data were evaluated from 418 university students recruited through convenience sampling. Psychometric testing included content validity, response processes, internal structure (Confirmatory Factor Analysis), and reliability testing. The results indicated that the 40 final items possessed ideal convergent validity (SLF ≥ 0.50; AVE > 0.50). The four-dimensional measurement model proved to be highly consistent with the empirical data (Chi-square = 0.202; RMSEA = 0.010; CFI = 0.957; TLI = 0.954; SRMR = 0.036) and highly reliable (ω = 0.8354; α = 0.8399). The limitations of this study include the restriction of sampling to a single institution, the collection of evidence based on response processes being limited to readability testing, and the absence of external criterion validity testing. Overall, the Indonesian version of the SES is a valid and reliable instrument. Future studies are recommended to apply probability sampling across multiple universities and to test the predictive validity of the instrument against external indicators.

The Role of Negative Body Image and Instagram Social Media Use Intensity in Social Anxiety Among Female University Students at Campus X

Aniq Azhan — 2026-08-29

Social anxiety experienced by female students at X University manifests as withdrawal from the environment, restlessness, and avoidance of social gatherings caused by self-comparison with others' social media posts according to social standards. This study aims to examine the role of negative body image and intensity of Instagram use on social anxiety among female students at X University. A quantitative correlational method was employed with a population of 1,606 female students and a sample of 105 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Measurement instruments included a social anxiety scale, a negative body image scale, and an Instagram use intensity scale, which were validated using Aiken's V content validity and confirmatory factor analysis construct validity. Data were analyzed using multiple regression in SPSS version 20. Results indicate that negative body image and Instagram use intensity simultaneously and significantly predict social anxiety (F = 81.221, R = 0.784, R² = 0.614), with an effective contribution of 61.4%. Negative body image significantly contributed to social anxiety (50.587%), and Instagram use intensity contributed 10.882%.

Psychological Factors Contributing to Masturbatory Behavior Among Indonesian Adolescents: A Literature Review

I Gede Putu Surya Prabawa Aryanta — 2026-08-29

Adolescence is marked by significant biological and psychological changes, which trigger the emergence of sexual exploratory behaviors such as masturbation. However, this topic is often considered taboo, thereby limiting adolescents' access to accurate information and increasing psychological risks. This literature review aims to identify and analyze the psychological factors that lead to masturbatory behavior in adolescents based on relevant research. This study uses a narrative literature review method by searching the Google Scholar database for articles published between 2021-2025. Relevant articles will be analyzed and synthesized narratively. The synthesis results show several key factors, namely: internal sexual desire, lack of self-control, high curiosity, and mental health conditions such as loneliness that function as triggers. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of open and accurate sexual education for adolescents to help them better understand their sexual development in a healthy way and reduce the negative impacts arising from misinformation and social stigma.

Work Engagement among Employees of Manufacturing Company X: The Role of Organizational Support and Grit

Hikmah Husniyah Farhanindya — 2026-08-29

Work engagement is a positive psychological state characterized by enthusiasm, dedication, and appreciation for work. In the context of the manufacturing industry, which has high work demands, work engagement is a crucial factor in maintaining productivity and organizational sustainability. Based on Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Theory, work engagement is influenced by the availability of job resources and personal resources. This study aims to examine the relationship between organizational support as a job resource and grit as a personal resource on work engagement among employees in manufacturing companies. The study used a quantitative approach involving 121 permanent employees at manufacturing companies in Sidoarjo Regency who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The instruments used included the Utrecht Work engagement Scale (UWES), the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and the GRIT Scale. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that organizational support and grit simultaneously had a significant relationship with work engagement (F = 24.908; p < 0.001) with an effective contribution of 29.7% (R² = 0.297). Partially, organizational support (t = 3.670; p < 0.001) and grit (t = 3.827; p < 0.001) were positively and significantly related to work engagement. These findings indicate that organizational support and grit are important factors contributing to increased work engagement among employees in manufacturing companies.

The Relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Safety and Work Stress among Generation Z Employees in Bandung

Marciena Ariesta Sasikirana Perlita Putri Barayuda — 2026-08-29

Generation Z constitutes a growing segment of today’s workforce and places strong emphasis on organizational care and psychological safety. However, high work demands and continuous career adjustment increase their vulnerability to work stress. This study explores the relationship of perceived organizational support and psychological safety with work stress among Generation Z employees. This study employed a correlational design. Data were collected through an online questionnaire administered to Generation Z employees aged 18–29 years working in various organizations in Bandung City with a result of 126 respondents. Measures included the Perceived Stress Scale, the short version of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, and the Psychological Safety Scale. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that perceived organizational support (β = -0.311, p = .002) and psychological safety (β = -0.272, p = .006) were significantly and negatively associated with work stress. Together, both variables explained 27.4% of the variance in work stress (R² = .274). These findings highlight the importance of fostering organizational support and psychological safe work environments through supportive organizational practices to help reducing work stress among Generation Z employees.

When Money Finally Matters: The Dynamics and Meaning-Making of Self-Control among Individuals with a Tendency toward Online Gambling Addiction

Agus Mahendra Saputra — 2026-08-29

Self-control is often identified as a key factor in online gambling, yet how gamblers themselves make sense of it amid their addiction remains rarely explored, particularly in Indonesia. This qualitative study used descriptive phenomenology to explore the dynamics and meaning of self-control in three adult men (aged 24-27 years) with an online gambling addiction tendency. The participants selected through purposive criterion sampling and interviewed in depth online. Data were analyzed using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method via the Descriptive Phenomenological Analysis (DPA) procedure. Five themes emerged: the decision to quit, driving dimensions, inhibiting dimensions, the meaning of money, and hope. The decision to quit was built on internalized negative experiences, stigma, relationship commitment, and shame over borrowing money. Driving dimensions included spiritual momentum, a sense of adult responsibility, and social support. The inhibiting dimensions ranged from the pursuit of quick gains, peer conformity, easy access to loans, and the pull of the online gambling system itself. The meaning of money stood out as the essential theme: once participants began valuing money earned through their own labor, they grew reluctant to gamble it away. This shift reduced gambling frequency and sustained hope for a gambling-free life. These findings point to interventions built around financial reflection, involving significant others, and limiting exposure to gambling.

Forgiveness and Social Support as Protective Factors against Suicidal Ideation among Adolescent Victims of Bullying

Farras Ghina Apsela — 2026-08-29

This study aimed to analyse the role of forgiveness and social support in suicidal ideation among adolescents who experienced bullying in Jakarta. Forgiveness was examined across three dimensions: forgiveness of self, forgiveness of others, and forgiveness of situations. Social support encompassed support from parents, teachers, close friends, and classmates. The study employed a quantitative approach using convenience sampling, involving 207 adolescent victims of bullying. The instruments used were adapted versions of the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), and the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS). Construct validity was tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), while multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the contribution of independent variables to suicidal ideation. The findings revealed that forgiveness and social support simultaneously contributed significantly to suicidal ideation, accounting for 29.6% of the variance. Partially, two dimensions of forgiveness—namely forgiveness of others and forgiveness of situations—were found to have significant effects on suicidal ideation. These results suggest that the ability to forgive and the presence of social support function as protective factors for adolescent victims of bullying. Future research is recommended to include additional variables such as resilience, depression, and family functioning, as well as to examine bullying as a distinct construct. Practically, these findings highlight the importance of collaboration among teachers, schools, parents, and adolescents in fostering open communication and a supportive environment to reduce the risk of suicidal ideation among bullied adolescents.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in Reducing Occupational Stress among Employees of PT “X” in Bandung

Desitha Saumi Natalia — 2026-08-29

Work stress is a negative response experienced by individuals due to demands, constraints, and obligations that exceed their capabilities and is commonly experienced by employees in the technology industry, including employees of PT “X” Kota Bandung. Prolonged work stress may reduce productivity and contribute to mental health problems. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in reducing work stress among employees of PT “X” Kota Bandung. A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control-group design was used, with each group consisting of seven employees. Work stress was measured using the Job Stress questionnaire constructed by the researcher based on symptoms proposed by Robbins & Coulter (2018) administered pretest and posttest. Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Mann-Whitney U Test. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Mann-Whitney U Test were used to compare pretest-posttest scores within groups and posttest scores between groups, respectively. The result showed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores in the experimental group, with work stress scores descriptively increasing (Z=1.980, p=.048). In addition, the experimental group had significantly higher posttest work stress scores than the control group (U=7.00, Z=-2.243, p=.026). However, the comparison of gain scores showed no significant difference in changes in work stress scores between the experimental and control groups (U=29.00, Z=.585, p=.620). These findings indicate that MBSR intervention was not proven effective in reducing work stress among employees in this study. Participants’ limited adherence to the intervention and home practice should be considered as one of the factors in interpreting these findings.