PENATAAN ANCAMAN EKONOMI SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI KEADAAN BAHAYA DI INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v12i1.3019Kata Kunci:
Economic Emergency, Nonmilitary Threat, state of emergencyAbstrak
This article aims to analyze economic threats in times of emergency. Threats in the modern era consist of many types, and most of it dominated by nonmilitary threats such as disasters and social conflicts. However, apart from these two threats, economic threats also have the same effect on national security. The Indonesian government has been responded to economic threats differently since 1998 when it faced an economic crisis, then when it faced the threat of an economic recession due to the impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The difference in ways of responding to economic threats is because Indonesia does not regulate economic threats as threats of state of emergency, so policies to respond to economic threats are limited by rules that cannot be violated. Therefore, this article will discuss the arrangement of economic threats in times of emergency. As a result, by regulating an economic threat as part of a state of emergency, the government has the power to shape economic policy by deviating from the provisions that apply under normal conditions. The economic emergency arrangement is carried out by regulating economic threats as part of a state of emergency through the law, then also regulates the scope of the President's powers, the organ of exercising power, time limits, and forms of responsibility.Unduhan
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Referensi
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Buku
Ajey Lele, “Natural disasters: A nonmilitary threat to national security” dalam Chatterji, M. and Jain, B.M.(ed), Conflict and Peace in South Asia: Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Vol. 5, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008.
Alan S Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979.
Badan Pusat Statistik, Laporan Perekonomian Indonesia 2020, Jakarta: BPS RI, 2020.
Hal Hill, The Indonesian Economy in Crisis, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons, Singapura: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999.
Hendrawan Supratikno, Ekonomi Nurani VS Ekonomi Naluri, Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2011.
Kabul Arifin, et.al, Pokok-Pokok Pengertian dan Beberapa Persoalan Tentang S.O.B. Jakarta: Penerangan Angkatan Darat, 1957.
Oren Gross, Fionnuala Ni Aolain, Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Saafroedin Bahar et. al, Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI), Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1993.
Scott M. Matheson, Presidential Constitutionalism in Perilous Times, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Stephen Morton, States of Emergency: Colonialism, Literature and Law, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013.
Todd A. Knoop, Recessions and Depressions: Understanding Business Cycles, Westport: Praeger Publisher, 2004.
William H. Kaempfer dan Anton D. Lowenberg, “Chapter 27: The Political Economy of Economic Sanctions” dalam Todd Sandler dan Keith Hartley, Handbook of Defense Economics, Volume 2, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 2007.
Jurnal
Agus Adhari, “Ambiguitas Pengaturan Keadaan Bahaya dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia”, Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi, Volume 11, No. 1, 2019.
Andrew Norris, "Sovereignty, Exception, and Norm", Journal of Law and Society, Volume 34, No. 1, 2007.
Jamal Ibrahim Haidar, “Sanctions and Export Deflection: Evidence from Iran”, Journal Economic Policy, Volume 32, No. 90, 2017.
John Armitage, “State of Emergency: An Introduction” Journal Theory, Culture & Society Volume 19 No. 4, 2001.
Joshua L. Friedman, “Emergency Powers of The Executive: The President’s Authority When All Hell Breaks Loose”, Journal of Law and Health, Volume 25, No. 2, 2012.
Joshua S. Hanan dan Catherine Chaput, “Stating the Exception: Rhetoric and Neoliberal Governance During the Creation and Passage of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008”, Journal of Argumentation and Advocacy, Volume 50, No. 1, 2013.
Mark Neocleous, “The Problem with Normality: Taking Exception to “Permanent Emergency”, Journal of Alternatives Global, Local, Political, Volume 31, No. 2, 2006.
Patrick Thronson, “Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime,” Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Volume 46, No. 2, 2013.
Richard H. Ullman, “Redefining Security”, Journal of International Security, Volume 8, No. 1, 1983.
Saul Eslake, “The Difference between a Recession and a Depression”, Economic Papers A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, Volume 28, No. 2, 2009.
Siamack Shojai dan Patricia S. Root, “Effectiveness Of Economic Sanctions: Empirical Research Revisited”, International Business & Economics Research Journal, Volume 12, No. 11, 2013.
Vedi R. Hadiz, “Retrieving the Past for the Future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy”, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, Volume 28, No. 2, 2000.
Makalah
Anna Khakee, Securing Democracy? A Comparative Analysis of Emergency Powers in Europe, Policy Paper No. 30, Jenewa: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2009.
Christopher A. Casey, et al, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use, Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2020.
William E. Scheuerman, “The Economic State of Emergency” makalah dipresentasikan pada International Conference on Carl Schmitt, diselenggarakan oleh Columbia University, Cardozo Law School, New School, New York, pada 23-25 April 1999.
Artikel
Carmelo Ferlito, “Economic Policies in Times of Emergency”, The Malaysian Reserve edisi 26 Maret 2020.
Muhumed Mohamed Muhumed, “The Effect of Financial Crisis on International Security”, diakses pada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311867747 pada tanggal 6 Oktober 2020 pukul 21.05.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Undang-Undang Dasar Negera Republik Indonesia 1945
Konstitusi Prancis 1958
Konstitusi Filipina 1987
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1959 tentang Keadaan Bahaya
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Bencana Nasional
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2008 tentang Jaminan Pengaman Sistem Keuangan
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Karantina Kesehatan
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 tentang Kebijakan Keuangan Negara dan Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan untuk Penanganan Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid- 19) dan/atau dalam Rangka Menghadapi Ancaman yang Membahayakan Perekonomian Nasional dan/atau Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan
National Emergency Act 1976
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) Tahun 1977
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) 2008
Putusan Pengadilan
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 138/PUU-VII/2009.
Buku
Ajey Lele, “Natural disasters: A nonmilitary threat to national security” dalam Chatterji, M. and Jain, B.M.(ed), Conflict and Peace in South Asia: Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, Vol. 5, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2008.
Alan S Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979.
Badan Pusat Statistik, Laporan Perekonomian Indonesia 2020, Jakarta: BPS RI, 2020.
Hal Hill, The Indonesian Economy in Crisis, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons, Singapura: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1999.
Hendrawan Supratikno, Ekonomi Nurani VS Ekonomi Naluri, Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2011.
Kabul Arifin, et.al, Pokok-Pokok Pengertian dan Beberapa Persoalan Tentang S.O.B. Jakarta: Penerangan Angkatan Darat, 1957.
Oren Gross, Fionnuala Ni Aolain, Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Saafroedin Bahar et. al, Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI), Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1993.
Scott M. Matheson, Presidential Constitutionalism in Perilous Times, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Stephen Morton, States of Emergency: Colonialism, Literature and Law, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2013.
Todd A. Knoop, Recessions and Depressions: Understanding Business Cycles, Westport: Praeger Publisher, 2004.
William H. Kaempfer dan Anton D. Lowenberg, “Chapter 27: The Political Economy of Economic Sanctions” dalam Todd Sandler dan Keith Hartley, Handbook of Defense Economics, Volume 2, Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing, 2007.
Jurnal
Agus Adhari, “Ambiguitas Pengaturan Keadaan Bahaya dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Indonesia”, Dialogia Iuridica: Jurnal Hukum Bisnis dan Investasi, Volume 11, No. 1, 2019.
Andrew Norris, "Sovereignty, Exception, and Norm", Journal of Law and Society, Volume 34, No. 1, 2007.
Jamal Ibrahim Haidar, “Sanctions and Export Deflection: Evidence from Iran”, Journal Economic Policy, Volume 32, No. 90, 2017.
John Armitage, “State of Emergency: An Introduction” Journal Theory, Culture & Society Volume 19 No. 4, 2001.
Joshua L. Friedman, “Emergency Powers of The Executive: The President’s Authority When All Hell Breaks Loose”, Journal of Law and Health, Volume 25, No. 2, 2012.
Joshua S. Hanan dan Catherine Chaput, “Stating the Exception: Rhetoric and Neoliberal Governance During the Creation and Passage of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008”, Journal of Argumentation and Advocacy, Volume 50, No. 1, 2013.
Mark Neocleous, “The Problem with Normality: Taking Exception to “Permanent Emergency”, Journal of Alternatives Global, Local, Political, Volume 31, No. 2, 2006.
Patrick Thronson, “Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime,” Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Volume 46, No. 2, 2013.
Richard H. Ullman, “Redefining Security”, Journal of International Security, Volume 8, No. 1, 1983.
Saul Eslake, “The Difference between a Recession and a Depression”, Economic Papers A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, Volume 28, No. 2, 2009.
Siamack Shojai dan Patricia S. Root, “Effectiveness Of Economic Sanctions: Empirical Research Revisited”, International Business & Economics Research Journal, Volume 12, No. 11, 2013.
Vedi R. Hadiz, “Retrieving the Past for the Future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy”, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, Volume 28, No. 2, 2000.
Makalah
Anna Khakee, Securing Democracy? A Comparative Analysis of Emergency Powers in Europe, Policy Paper No. 30, Jenewa: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2009.
Christopher A. Casey, et al, The International Emergency Economic Powers Act: Origins, Evolution, and Use, Washington: Congressional Research Service, 2020.
William E. Scheuerman, “The Economic State of Emergency” makalah dipresentasikan pada International Conference on Carl Schmitt, diselenggarakan oleh Columbia University, Cardozo Law School, New School, New York, pada 23-25 April 1999.
Artikel
Carmelo Ferlito, “Economic Policies in Times of Emergency”, The Malaysian Reserve edisi 26 Maret 2020.
Muhumed Mohamed Muhumed, “The Effect of Financial Crisis on International Security”, diakses pada https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311867747 pada tanggal 6 Oktober 2020 pukul 21.05.
Peraturan Perundang-Undangan
Undang-Undang Dasar Negera Republik Indonesia 1945
Konstitusi Prancis 1958
Konstitusi Filipina 1987
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1959 tentang Keadaan Bahaya
Undang-Undang Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Bencana Nasional
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2008 tentang Jaminan Pengaman Sistem Keuangan
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Penanganan Konflik Sosial
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Karantina Kesehatan
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2020 tentang Kebijakan Keuangan Negara dan Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan untuk Penanganan Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid- 19) dan/atau dalam Rangka Menghadapi Ancaman yang Membahayakan Perekonomian Nasional dan/atau Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan
National Emergency Act 1976
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) Tahun 1977
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) 2008
Putusan Pengadilan
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 138/PUU-VII/2009.
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2020-11-21
Cara Mengutip
Adhari, A. (2020). PENATAAN ANCAMAN EKONOMI SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI KEADAAN BAHAYA DI INDONESIA. Dialogia Iuridica, 12(1), 031–048. https://doi.org/10.28932/di.v12i1.3019
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